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Skin and Gill Flukes in Tropical Fish

While parasites of varied types are often responsible for fish rubbing themselves against objects in the tank, sometimes to the point of causing raw skin, it can be difficult to identify which sponge it is, unless you have a very good optical of it.

In the case of skin fluke, which is a parasitic flatworm, they are unlikely to show themselves to the extent where you would be able to remove them manually as you can with leeches or fish lice. One of the coarse denominators they have with other sponge infections, is they can cause redness of skin, but so can rubbing against stones and wood. However, skin fluke also causes a fading of color, and because the medicine is coarse to other types of parasites, you are best to go with a normal medication, such as Droncit or formalin baths, when unsure either it is skin fluke or not. remove severely affected fish to a hospital tank.

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The accepted treatments of adding 1 tbs. Of aquarium salt to a daily convert of water in the home aquarium, and raising the tank climatic characteristic by four degrees also applies. This is used for most parasites, together with gill fluke, which has more confident and optical symptoms.

Gill fluke is a worm that specifically attacks the gill membranes, causing them to turn red and fetch a coating of slime that makes it difficult to breathe. Fish will hang at the water's surface, gasp, and lose weight rapidly. The same tank treatments as skin fluke can be used, but with gill fluke, removing to a hospital tank and adding short baths in either formalin, salt or ammonium hydroxide to the regimen will help kill what is on the fish, and you can then treat their environment.

Skin and Gill Flukes in Tropical Fish

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Liver Flukes in Sheep

Liver fluke infestation has been a serious qoute in the wetter western areas in the Uk for years. recent introduction of infested sheep into the eastern areas of the country has increased the amount of sheep affected by this condition in those parts as well. Liver flukes can influence the output and potential of wool. It can also lead to reduced lambing percentages and poor increase rate of lambs.

Liver flukes scientifically known as Fasciola Hepatica live in the bile ducts and create eggs that are passed in the faeces. The eggs detach from the faeces in wet areas and hatch in favourable conditions. The larvae assault the lymnaeid snails, organize and multiply as sporocyst and cercariae. The cercariae leave the snails and swim until they become enclosed on vegetation. They become metacercariae there, which are the infective stage of the fluke. If ingested by sheep, the metacercariae enter into the small intestine and issue teenage flukes, which lanch the intestinal walls and enter the abdominal cavity.

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The young fluke break into the liver capsule and migrate straight through the liver tissues for 6 to 7 weeks and enter the bile ducts to become adult fluke. The flukes start producing eggs after reaching sexual maturity. Adult flukes can survive for years in the livers of infected sheep. One singular fluke lays 20,000 to 50,000 eggs per day for a long period.

Liver fluke causes Fascioliasis and sheep and cattle are prone to this disease. Sheep are more susceptible to liver flukes than cattle. Sheep suffering from acute Fascioliasis may not show any symptoms, while some may display discomfort, abdominal pain and may even organize jaundice. Sub-acute Fascioliasis is characterised by ill thrift, anaemia and jaundice. The migrating fluke can cause unabridged tissue damage and liver damage. This in turn causes anaemia, liver damage and death in 8 to 10 weeks. Persisting Fascioliasis can conduce to bile duct obstruction, hepatic fibrosis, anaemia and liver tissue destruction.

The best medicine to control liver flukes is to give medication to the sheep. Closamectin explication is one of the efficient medications that help treat flukes and nematodes. The medicine should be injected into the infected sheep. It is a unique blend of closantel and ivermectin, which gives a wide range of efficiency against most of the prominent stages of internal as well as external parasites in sheep. Closamectin injection for sheep is approved in the Uk and other European countries. It offers an efficient medicine for adult and late teenage flukes and external parasites.

Fasimec Duo is an additional one effectual parasiticide to treat and control liver fluke and lungworms in sheep that are aged above three months. However, it is not recommended for animals that produce milk for human consumption.

Combinex is an efficient drug to treat and control fasciolis in sheep. If used at the recommended dosage rate, it is efficient against mature and developing stages of worms. It is also efficient against all stages of Fasciola hepatica, fluctuating from two day old early teenage flukes to adult flukes. Hence, it helps treat acute and Persisting Fascioliasis. Combinex is given as an oral drench. It is ideal for use straight through varied types of automatic drenching guns. You can administer it safely to young and even pregnant sheep. One ml dosage is recommended per 5 kg of bodyweight of the sheep. Meat can be taken 56 days after administering the medication.

Liver Flukes in Sheep

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How to Use a Fluke Multimeter

If you have an electrical malfunction on your hands, there is only one way to determine its source with maximum efficiency, and that is to use a multimeter. Multimeters quantum discrete electrical properties, along with current, resistance and both Ac and Dc voltage. These instruments can be used by both pro electricians and the normal public, and if you choose a Fluke multimeter, you can rest assured that you're using the very same tool that the pros rely on. Either you invest in a brand new multimeter or find a discount Fluke multimeter online or at a business transaction electronics retailer, you're going to need to know how to use it effectively - and safely. Here are some hints:
Measuring Voltage: Begin by plugging the probes into the corresponding jacks on the multimeter; keep in mind that black is negative and the red should go only to the volt/ohm/temp jack. If you're measuring Ac voltage, simply turn the dial to the "V" with a wavy line over it; to quantum Dc voltage, turn the dial to the "V" with a solid and a broken line over it. Finally, touch the probes to the outlet or wire you wish to monitor. Measuring Resistance: Start the same way as you would to quantum voltage, but turn the dial to the "Ohm" sign. Then touch the probe tips together and read the resistance of the leads. You should be aware of the fact that the measured value of a resistor can differ from its rated value, normally by 0.1% to 0.2%. Measuring Current: Of the three uses for your Fluke multimeter, measuring current is the one that carries the many possible for danger. Before attempting this measurement, make sure to take all principal protection precautions in order to avoid electrocution or serious damage to the meter. First, never endeavor to make a determination if the open-circuit possible to earth is greater than 1000 volts. All the time check the fuses on your meter before beginning your measurement, and take care to use the allowable terminals, function and range. Finally, never place the probes parallel to any circuit or component. Once these protection measures have been carried out, you're ready to begin! Turn off the power to the circuit and removal high voltage capacitors. Then, insert the black lead into the Com terminal for currents between 6 mA and 400 mA, or insert the red lead into the A terminal for currents above 400 mA.

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How to Use a Fluke Multimeter

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Liver Fluke Showing Its presence in the Vietnamese Highlands

The Vietnamese Ministry of condition is reporting practically 3000 cases of fascioliasis, an infection with a parasitic liver fluke, so far this year. This is an approximate 45% growth of the infection from a year ago this month.

Fascioliasis is an infection with one of two species of the genus Fasciola. Fasciola hepatica is primarily a sycophant of sheep and Fasciola gigantica, a liver fluke of cattle.

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F. Hepatica is base in sheep-raising countries like parts of Europe, the Middle East and South America. F. Gigantica is more ordinarily found in Southeast Asia. The two species can co-exist in some countries.

These flukes are of great economic significance due to the loss of livestock in endemic. It causes liver rot in sheep and cattle.

Humans are regularly an accidental host of this parasite. Habitancy get infected by eating uncooked water plants like watercress and water lettuce that are contaminated with the parasite.

These waters are linked with the infected animals where they go to drink and finally defecate close by the water. In increasing the water contains the snail which is a essential part of the parasites life cycle.

According to the Director general of the found of Parasitology and Entomology in Quy Nhon, It is estimated that 40 to 70 percent of local cattle are infected with the disease.

The disease in humans depends on the estimate of worms a person is infected with. Symptoms may consist of abdominal pain, liver enlargement, diarrhea, essential eosinophilia, necrosis of liver tissues while the acute phase of the illness.

In the chronic stage, bile duct obstruction, fibrosis, and cirrhosis are possible. The adult fluke can live in the human body for up to 9 years producing eggs.

Diagnosis is based upon looking the characteristic eggs in a stool exam and a dietary history and tour to an endemic area.

The infection can be treated with the antiparasitic drugs Triclabendazole and Bithionol.

This disease is rarely encountered with Americans and foreign travel, but cases do occur.

Prevention and control of this sycophant depends heavily on rehabilitation of livestock. Also discouraging Habitancy to eat uncooked water plants in areas where the disease is prevalent.

Liver Fluke Showing Its presence in the Vietnamese Highlands

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An Introduction to the Best Fluke Testers

The Fluke Corporation is a foremost constructor of electronic testing tools and softwares. It was founded in 1948 and ever since then, has helped in the increase of the technology shop through its indigenous testing and troubleshooting solutions. The experts at Fluke with their technological expertise make sure that businesses and heavy electrical facilities all colse to the world keep running smoothly.

Here is a narrative of two of the best testers by this firm and an summary of all that they are capable of doing.

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The Fluke T5 - For Testing Voltage Continuity and Current

These testers will enable you to check, voltage continuity and current through a single compact handheld appliance. All you need to do is go for "voltage", "ohms" or "amperes" and the electrical tester will do the rest. These testers come with the OpenJaw(Tm) Current technology that will let a personnel take current reading upto 1000 Amperes, without circuit breakage.

Here are some of its features:

It can automatically portion Dc voltage and Ac voltage. It's capable of displaying resistance up to 1000?. It comes with OpenJaw(Tm) Current determination technology for strict measurements. Has a Continuity Beeper. Has a compact compose with a neat warehouse case. It's has a strong body. It can indubitably withstand a 3 meter drop. It has removable probe tips (SlimReach[Tm]) which bind to National Electrical Standards. It is available in two models, i.e. The Fluke T5 600V and The Fluke T5 1000V.

The Fluke T+ Pro Electrical Tester

This indigenous tester is much safer to use as compared to customary solenoid testers and complies with Nfpa 7Oe norms. The T+ Pro is highlight packed and provides all things that an electrician would look for in a typical volt meter or a voltage continuity meter.

Both T+ Pro as well as T+ Electrical can detect Ac/Dc voltage in three ways, i.e. Sound, light and vibration. They both come with Gfci trip and a continuity beeper and also have a built-in flashlight to enable easy doing in poorly lit up areas.

The T+ Pro comes with a unique rotary field indicator to enable easy troubleshooting of 3-Phase systems.

Some other features are:

Backlit Lcd display for easy readability in dark areas. It's ideal for troubleshooting low-voltage lighting. The instrument is capable of detecting live voltage without the need for any batteries. It also has an in-built challenging Led flashlight for poorly lit up areas. Comes with the power salvage Auto-Off technology and also carries a two years service warranty along with it. It has a probe possessor for suitable testing. Has heavy-duty test leads. These replaceable test leads are durable and furnish extra flexibility while testing.

An Introduction to the Best Fluke Testers

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Boat Anchors & Anchoring

Anatomy of an Anchor
 
To get an idea of how each anchor type works we must know each of its parts and functions. The shank is the stem of the anchor in which direction is pulled to set (bury) the anchor.  The crown connects the assorted parts of the modern anchor. The stock turns the anchor into an attitude that enables the flukes to dig into the sea bed. The optional tripping ring is used for tripping with a cut off line, allowing the anchor to break out. The flukes will be buried into the seabed. The very tip of a fluke is sometimes called the bill.
 
Traditional Types of anchor

There are 6 main types of anchor. They are the Fisherman, the Claw or Bruce, the Plow or Plough, The Fluke, the Grapnel and Mushroom. Each of these families has many anchors that quote to the basic develop principle. For example the Plow type named because it acts like a farmers plow, has the Cqr and Delta which belong to this anchor family.
 
Fisherman

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The fisherman is a former develop and is often seen on the bows of old navigation Ships like Hms Victory. The develop is a non-burying type of maritime anchor, and grabs rocks with one arm penetrating the seabed and the other standing proud. It has a good reputation for use in rock, kelp, and grass. However its keeping power to weight ratio is among the worst of all anchor types. The former frailness of the anchor develop is its capability to foul the cable over changing tides. One of the Fishermans arms can catch the anchor Rhode or cable and accidentally trip the anchor. It is difficult to cope and bring aboard without scarring the topsides and does not stow well in an anchor roller.
 
The Fisherman is best qualified for rocks, and kelp bottoms, but not good keeping in sand or mud. The Fisherman has arms which lodges themselves in a rock bed, or as in grass and kelp, the arms allow the anchor to penetrate through the kelp.
 
Modern examples of fisherman type anchors include; Luke Storm Anchor, kedge and Navy.
 
Bruce/Claw

The Bruce anchor was designed by Peter Bruce back in the 1970s. The Bruce also known as the Claw. Claw-types set speedily in most sea beds and although not an articulated design, they have the reputation of not breaking out with pull direction, instead gradually turning in the bottom to align with the force. They offer a fairly low keeping power to weight ratio and commonly have to be over-sized to compete with other types. On the other hand they achieve relatively well with low rode scopes and set fairly reliably. The former Claw anchor has rounded flukes. The Claw Anchor showed poor performance in the many anchor tests, which are attributed to the anchor failing to dig in, due to the rounded flukes. The Rocna Spade and consummate anchors faired much best and many anchor tests. The Rocna Spade and consummate anchors and are among a new breed of anchor with roll bars and/or pointed tips. 
 
Claw anchors are best qualified for sand and muddy bottoms where the develop can dig in. Claw types boat anchors have difficulty penetrating weedy bottoms and grass, tending to float over weed and kelp rather than digging in.
 
Modern examples of claw type anchors include; Bruce, Claw, Rocna, Spade, and Supreme
 
Plow or Plough
 
The plows keeping power over a wide collection of bottom types, makes it a top selection of cruising boaters, named for its similarity to the farmers plow. When dropped in the water, a plow often lands on its side. However when pulled by the ground tackle, the Plow buries itself. Its shape allows it to reset fairly unmistakably should the wind or tide shift the boat position.  Many manufacturers produce a plough-style design, all based on or direct copies of the former Cqr the Coastal Quick Release. The Cqr develop has a hinged shank, allowing the anchor to turn with direction changes rather than breaking out, and also arranged to force the point of the plough into the bottom if the anchor when it lands on its side. The more recent Delta uses an unhinged shank and a plough with definite angles to develop slightly superior performance. Owing to the use of lead or other dedicated tip-weight, the plough is heavier than midpoint for the whole of resistance developed, and may take a slightly longer pull to set thoroughly. 
 
Recommended for bottom surface; Works well on many bottom surface types. Sand, mud, and kelp grass.
 
Modern examples of Plow type anchors include; Delta, Cqr Plow or Plough
 
Fluke
 
The fluke style anchor, named due to its large flukes, uses a stock at the crown to which two large flat surfaces are attached. The stock is hinged so the flukes can orient toward the bottom (on some designs the flukes angle can be optimized depending on the bottom type.) The develop is a burying variety, and once well set can develop an astonishing whole of resistance. Its light weight and contract flat develop make it easy to retrieve and relatively easy to store; some anchor rollers and hawse pipes can adapt a fluke-style anchor. A few high-performance designs are available, such as the Fortress, which are lighter in weight for a given area and in tests have shown best than midpoint results. Once set, the fluke anchor tends to break out and reset when the direction of force changes dramatically, such as with the changing tide, and on some occasions it might not reset but instead drag.
 
The fluke is recommended for sand and muddy bottom surfaces. The fluke anchor has difficulty penetrating kelp and weed-covered bottoms, as well as rocky and particularly hard sand or clay bottoms. If there is much current or the vessel is bright while dropping the anchor it may float over the bottom due to the large fluke area acting as a wing.
 
Examples of Fluke Anchor types; Fortress Danforth and Guardian
 
Grapnel
 
The grapnel style is uncomplicated to develop and build. The develop is a non-burying variety, with one or more tines digging in and the remainder above the seabed. In coral it is often able to set speedily by hooking into the structure. A grapnel is often quite light, and used aboard smaller boats where its weight makes it relatively easy to bring aboard. The Grapnel is sometimes difficult to retrieve
Grapnels rarely have adequate fluke area to develop much hold in sand, clay, or mud. It is not unknown for the anchor to foul on its own rode, like the fisherman, or to foul the tines with refuse from the bottom, preventing it from digging in. It is quite inherent for this anchor to find such a good hook that, without a trip line, it is impossible to retrieve.
 
Mushroom Anchors
 
Mushroom anchors work best in soft muddy bottoms, where they can originate suction which can be difficult to break. Recommended for small boats to use as a lunch hook, but not practical for larger boats.
 
Conclusion
 
I read somewhere a question from a new boater who asked if they needed an anchor. The write back is yes you do its required by law in many places and it can be one of the first pieces of accident equipment you'll need. Whether you sail up a river, or cross oceans an anchor is an necessary piece of gear.
 
When selecting which anchor is best for you, think the foremost factors are reliability to set, keeping power, veering and damage/storing. Which bottom surface do you need your anchor to work in? How big a boat are you operating? Are you fishing or riding out a storm?
 
This report will give you a guide to the assorted types of anchor old and new. Which types of anchor work in which bottom surface, is foremost to you. The good news is that the newer anchor technology appears to be working and from the anchor tests we looked at the new designs outperformed the tradition types.
 
In part 2 of anchoring, we supply information on ground tackle & anchoring techniques to help you stay anchored in bright conditions.

Boat Anchors & Anchoring

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Drinking Coffee Can Help prevent Gout

Once again the health benefits of coffee have been mooted. Recently there have been discussions on the inevitable effects of coffee on liver disease and female memory. Now there is some early evidence that coffee can help us avoid gout.

The bottom line is that if you drink four more cups of coffee per day then you can cut your chances of getting gout? At least, this is what the study tells us. This singular study was conducted in Canada against a generally recognised background of advice to admittedly avoid coffee in population particularly prone to gout.

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Gout is a painful joint health brought about by the build up in the blood of a chemical called uric acid. The study looked at about 50,000 men who had no prior history of gout. Caffeinated coffee appeared to be an avoiding factor but interestingly, so did the decaffeinated variety. Drinking tea conferred no advantage whatsoever.

This is exciting work although the authors would state that such early evidence is not conclusive. More study is needed to settle the precise mechanisms whereby coffee interacts with the uric acid metabolic pathway.

However, the study appeared to be no fluke. The actual level of uric acid in the blood of these men was admittedly lower. And it is the uric acid levels themselves that makes a man more prone to gout. There is no evidence that caffeine itself reduced uric acid levels (hence the association with decaffeinated coffee) but rather some other component of the drink that affects the uric acid levels.

Drinking Coffee Can Help prevent Gout

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